Unusual Types of Bacteria (Part 3)

. Actinomycetes

Actinomycetes are gram-positive filamentous bacteria characterized by mycelial growth (i.e., branching filaments), which is analogous to fungal growth. However, the diameter of the filaments is similar in size to bacteria (approximately 1 mm). Most actinomycetes are strict aerobes, but a few of them require anaerobic conditions. Most of these microorganisms produce spores, and their taxonomy is based on these reproductive structures (e.g., single spores in Micromonospora or chains of spores in Streptomyces). They are commonly found in water, wastewater treatment plants, and soils (with preference for neutral and alkaline soils). Some of them (e.g., Streptomyces) produce a

Unusual Types of Bacteria (Part 2)

. Gliding Bacteria

These filamentous gram-negative bacteria move by gliding, a slow motion on a solid surface. They resemble certain cyanobacteria except that they are colorless. Beggiatoa and Thiothrix are gliding bacteria that oxidize H2S to S0, which accumulates as sulfur granules inside the cells. Thiothrix filaments are characterized by their ability to form rosettes. Myxobacteria are another group of gliding microorganisms. They feed by lysing bacterial, fungal, or algal cells. Vegetative cells aggregate to make “fruiting bodies,” which lead to the formation of resting structures called myxospores. Under favorable conditions, myxospores germinate into vegetative cells.

. Bdellovibrio (B. bacteriovorus)

These small (0.2–0.3 mm), flagellated (polar flagellum) bacteria are predatory on gram-negative bacteria. After attaching to the bacterial prey, Bdellovibrio penetrates the cells and multiplies in the periplasmic space (space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane). Because they lyse their prey, they are able to form plaques on a lawn of the host bacterium. Some Bdellovibrio can grow independently on complex organic media.

Unusual Types of Bacteria (Part 1)

. Sheathed Bacteria

These bacteria are filamentous microorganisms surrounded by a tubelike structure called a sheath. The bacterial cells inside the sheath are gram-negative rods that become flagellated (swarmer cells) when they leave the sheath. The swarmer cells produce a new sheath at a relatively rapid rate. They are often found in polluted streams and in wastewater treatment plants. This group includes three genera: Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix, and Crenothrix. These bacteria have the ability to oxidize reduced

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

Replication: The DNA moleculecan make an exact copy of itself. The two strands separate and new complementary strands are formed. The double helix unwinds and each of the DNA strands acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Nucleotides move into the replication fork and align themselves against the complementary bases on the template. The addition of

Cytoplasmic Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

The cytoplasmic membrane is a 40–80 A ˚ -thick semipermeable membrane that contains a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded within the bilayer (fluid mosaic model) (Fig. 1.3). The phospholipid bilayer is made of hydrophobic fatty acids oriented towards the inside of the bilayer and hydrophilic glycerol moieties oriented towards the outside of the bilayer. Cations such as